국문요약 ·································································1
❘제1부❘ 연구의 기초 ·······················································23
❘제1장❘ 서 론 ∙ 박준휘 ······················································25
제1절 연구의 필요성과 목적 ·····················································27
제2절 연구의 내용과 방법 ·····················································32
❘제2장❘ 빈곤, 빈곤층 밀집지역 그리고 범죄
∙ 박준휘･김빛나 ······················································39
제1절 빈곤의 의의 ·························································41
1. 빈곤의 정의 ························································41
2. 정책적 빈곤과 빈곤선 ·················································44
제2절 빈곤층 밀집지역의 의의 ·············································48
1. 해외 빈곤층 밀집지역 정의와 논의 ··········································48
2. 국내 빈곤층 밀집지역 정의와 분포상 특징 ·········································51
3. 선행연구에서 나타난 국내 빈곤층 밀집지역의 특징 ·································62
제3절 빈곤 및 빈곤층 밀집지역과 범죄와의 관계에 대한 선행연구와 관련
실태 ·······························································71
1. 해외연구 동향 ·······························································71
2. 국내연구 동향 ·························································79
3. 빈곤층 밀집지역 특성과 범죄문제; 서울시를 중심으로 ····························85
제4절 소결 ·······························································89
❘제2부❘ 빈곤층 밀집지역의 안전실태 ·····························93
❘제3장❘ 공식범죄통계상 특성 분석 ∙ 윤상연 ·····················95
제1절 서론 ····························································97
제2절 빈곤층 밀집 지역별 범죄 분포 ········································98
1. 연구목적 ····························································98
2. 연구방법 ·····························································99
3. 지역별 범죄 발생 분포 ···················································103
4. 분석 요약 ································································115
제3절 빈곤층 밀집 지역의 범죄발생 영향 요인 ·······································116
1. 연구목적 ····························································116
2. 연구방법 ·······························································117
3. 빈곤층 밀집지역의 범죄발생에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석 ·····················120
제4절 소결 ····························································145
❘제4장❘ GIS를 활용한 빈곤층 밀집지역 공간 특성 분석
∙ 김도형･정연대 ····················································151
제1절 서론 ·························································153
제2절 선행연구동향 및 본 연구의 특징 ···········································154
1. 거주지 분리 측정의 방법에 관한 연구 ··········································154
2. 거주지 분리와 범죄와에 관계에 관한 연구 ········································156
3. 본 연구의 특징 ·····························································158
제3절 연구방법 ························································159
1. 독립변수: 절대빈곤지표 및 빈곤층 거주지분리에 관한 지표 ················159
2. 종속변수 ·······························································164
3. 통제변수 ······························································164
4. 분석방법 ·······························································165
제4절 분석결과 ······························································167
1. 주요변수의 기초 통계량(2014년 기준) ···········································167
2. 주요변수의 공간분포(2013년 기준) ··············································169
3. 주요변수 공간분포의 시간적 변화 ··············································170
4. 시군구 규모별 범죄율 및 빈곤지수/거주자 분리지수간 이원변량분석 · 178
5. 비공간 통계분석모형 결과 ·················································186
6. 공간통계분석모형 결과 ···················································187
제5절 정책적 시사점 ························································191
1. 빈곤집중지역 청소년에 대한 지원 ······································192
2. 빈곤집중지역 사회복지시설의 확충 및 관리 ···········································193
3. 빈곤층 주거지분리의 완화 ················································194
4. 빈곤층집중지역을 우선하는 도심재생사업 및 빈곤억제/범죄예방
프로그램 ···································································195
제6절 소결 ·····························································196
❘제5장❘ 범죄피해조사결과상 특성 분석 ∙ 박준희 ············199
제1절 분석의 기초 ·······················································201
1. 이론적 배경 ······························································201
2. 빈곤/비빈곤지역의 구분기준 ················································202
3. 빈곤가구의 구분기준 ························································205
제2절 범죄피해조사상 빈곤가구의 특성 ···················································207
1. 분석목적 ································································207
2. 분석 항목 ····································································207
3. 인구사회학적 특성 ·····················································211
제3절 빈곤과 지역 효과 ·················································231
1. 범죄 두려움의 지역별 비교 ·············································231
2. 범죄에 대한 예측 ··························································236
3. 주변 동네특성 ··························································237
4. 범죄예방활동 ·······························································240
5. 가구주변 환경 ·······················································241
6. 범죄예측에의 빈곤과 지역 효과 ···········································243
7. 범죄두려움에의 빈곤과 지역 효과 ·············································246
8. 범죄피해에 대한 빈곤과 지역 효과 ···········································248
제4절 소결 ····························································251
❘제6장❘ 범죄 및 안전정책에 대한 주관적 인식 분석
∙ 홍영오 ·····························································255
제1절 조사 개요 ·························································258
1. 조사개요 ······························································258
2. 조사항목의 구성 ·······················································263
3. 조사대상자 특성 ····················································270
제2절 사회에 대한 인식 ···············································282
1. 경제상황에 대한 인식 ···················································282
2. 사회에 대한 인식 ··················································285
제3절 거주하는 동네 및 경찰활동에 대한 인식 ··································293
1. 거주하는 동네에 대한 인식 ···········································293
제4절 빈곤층밀집지역 거주자의 범죄에 대한 두려움 ······························305
1. 현거주지 주변 안전취약장소 유무 ······································305
2. 범죄피해･가해 경험 ·················································308
3. 범죄로부터의 안전성 ···············································313
4. 범죄에 대한 두려움 ················································314
제5절 거주지역 경찰활동 및 자율방범대에 대한 인식 ·····························320
1. 지역의 경찰활동에 대한 인식 ·············································320
2. 자율방범대에 대한 인식 및 주민조직 참여 ·······························328
제6절 범죄예방활동에 대한 인식 ···············································331
1. 범죄예방활동 ·························································331
2. 범죄예방 및 안전정책 수요 ··············································336
제7절 안전 관련 정책에 대한 평가 ·······································339
1. 범죄예방정책에 대한 인지도 ··············································339
2. 범죄예방서비스 이용경험 ················································340
3. 범죄예방 및 안전정책에 대한 수요 ····································341
제8절 소결 ·························································345
❘제7장❘ 빈곤과 범죄관계의 다수준 분석 ∙ 이창훈 ··········349
제1절 이론적 논의 ···················································351
1. 빈곤과 범죄의 관계에 대한 역사적 논의 ··································351
2. 빈곤과 범죄의 관계에 대한 범죄학적 논의 ·······························353
제2절 연구 방법 ·······················································357
1. 표집 방법 ··························································357
2. 측정도구 ····························································357
제3절 분석 결과 ························································360
1. 기술분석(descriptive statistics) ···········································360
2. 요인분석 및 신뢰도 분석 ··············································374
3. 상관관계 분석 ··················································376
4. 로지스틱 회귀분석 ·················································380
제4절 소결 ·····················································387
❘제8장❘ 범죄자 행태 분석 ∙ 조윤오 ·································389
제1절 연구 목적 ···················································391
제2절 이론적 배경 ···············································398
1. 사회해체이론과 빈곤층 밀집지역 ································398
2. 범죄자 거주지 예측 모델(Residential Prediction Models) ···············401
3. 지리적 프로파일링의 개념 및 의의 ······························403
제3절 연구 방법 및 분석 계획 ····································404
1. 연구 방법 ····················································404
2. 분석 계획 ················································406
제4절 분석 결과 ··········································409
1. 기본적인 인구사회학적 특성 ·····························409
2. 범죄자의 주거형태 및 빈곤층 밀집지역 거주 범죄자 비율 ···················411
3. 범죄자-피해자 관련 특성 및 재범 관련 요인 ···························413
4. 빈곤층 밀집지역 범죄자와 일반지역 범죄자 집단 비교 ·························417
5. 빈곤층 밀집지역 거주 상황이 재범에 미치는 영향 ···························419
6. 빈곤층 밀집지역 거주자의 재범 유발 요인 ·····························421
7. 일반지역 거주 범죄자의 재범 유발 요인 ·································423
8. 분석 요약 ························································424
제5절 소결 ·························································425
❘제3부❘ 빈곤층 밀집지역 국내외 사례와 정책대안의
도출 ·································································429
❘제9장❘ 영미권의 도시재생 및 주택정책 사례연구
∙ 박형아･김빛나 ····················································431
제1절 서론 ···············································433
제2절 도시재생사업의 사회･역사적 배경 ··································434
1. 미국 ··············································434
2. 영국 ·······················································436
제3절 개별지역에 대한 도시재생사업 사례분석 ······················439
1. 버크셔(Berkshire) ············································441
2. 런던(London) ··········································445
3. 지역공동체 치안협력관(CSO, Community Support Officers) ··········450
4. 주택보조금(뉴욕) ··········································451
5. 주택철거(버팔로) ··················································452
6. HOPE VI ···························································454
7. 저소득주택 세금면제 제도(LIHTC, Low-Income Housing
Tax Credit) ········································456
제4절 주택정책 및 관련 프로그램의 효과성 ······················459
1. 사회, 경제, 복지 및 정신 건강에 미치는 효과 ···························459
2. 범죄 및 피해에 미치는 영향 ···········································461
제5절 공공임대주택과 주택프로그램의 범죄에 대한 효과: 최근 5년
(2013~18)연구를 중심으로 ············································466
1. 저소득 공공임대주택 지역 내의 집중된 빈곤과 범죄와의 관계 ············466
2. 주택 프로그램의 범죄 예방 효과 ········································471
제6절 사례연구에 따른 정책제언 ······································484
1. 주택 상담 프로그램 ··················································484
2. 주택관리 관련 기관과의 협력을 통한 문제 지향적 경찰활동 ················485
3. 청소년을 위한 프로그램 ···············································485
4. 상호작용 증진 프로그램 ···········································487
5. 주민들의 의견을 반영한 주택 정책의 수립 ···························488
6. 저소득 공공임대주택의 공간 디자인과 위치 ····························489
제7절 소결: 요약과 정책적 함의 ···········································489
❘제10장❘ 일본의 방범환경설계와 사례연구 ∙ 정지혜 ·······495
제1절 서론 ··················································497
제2절 일본의 방범환경설계(防犯環境設計) ·······························499
1. 방범환경설계의 4가지 방범 대책 ·········································500
2. 일본의 방범환경설계와 관련한 행정 대처 ································501
3. 입법적 대처(지방 공공단체의 조례와 지침 제정) ···························502
4. 안전⋅안심 마을 만들기의 방범활동-소프트웨어적 측면 ·······················513
제3절 실천 사례 ················································514
1. 공원, 공공시설 정비 ······················································515
2. 주택정비 및 도시재생 ············································515
3. 방범카메라 설치운영 ···········································518
4. 자주방범활동 ····························································520
제4절 공동/개인 주택 등의 주거형태와 빈곤층 밀집도에 따른 범죄율과
CPTED ················································521
1. 일본의 주택대상 침입절도⋅강도 추이 ························522
2. 빈곤율과 범죄율 ·······················································527
3. 공동/개인 주택 등의 주거형태와 범죄율 ··································533
4. CPTED 및 안전안심마을 만들기의 성과-“범죄율 감소 효과” ··············539
제5절 소결 ············································541
❘제11장❘ 국내 도시재생사업의 의의와 사례연구
∙ 신의기･이경환 ·············································543
제1절 국내 도시재생사업 추진현황 및 의의 ····························545
1. 국내 도시재생사업 추진현황 ····································545
2. 국내 도시재생사업 메뉴얼에 제시된 주요 CPTED 사업내용 ···············551
3. 빈곤지역 도시재생사업에 적용된 주요 CPTED 사례분석 ·····················555
4. 시사점 ·······················································562
제2절 빈곤지역 안전확보를 위한 도시재생사업 사례 분석 ······················563
1. 빈곤지역 안전 확보를 위한 대표 도시재생사업 사례 추출 ···················563
2. 빈곤지역 도시재생사업에 적용된 범죄예방 환경개선사업 효과성
분석을 위한 평가도구 개발 ············································564
3. 빈곤지역 도시재생사업에 적용된 CPTED 사업 효과성 분석 ···············573
제3절 소결: 주요 연구결과 요약 및 정책적 함의 ····································597
❘제12장❘ 위험성 평가를 통한 물리적 특성 사례 분석
∙ 강용길 ···························································603
제1절 연구방법과 내용 ······················································605
1. 빈곤지역 개념과 실태에 대한 이해 ···········································605
2. 사례지역의 선정 ·····················································606
3. 현장조사 ·····························································610
4. 조사결과 코딩 및 분석방법 ·········································617
제2절 전체 조사대상 지역의 물리적 환경 현황 ·······································618
1. 조사대상 지역의 기본 현황 ············································618
2. 가로별 기본현황 ···························································618
3. 개별형 건물의 물리적 환경 현황 ·····································624
제3절 빈곤층 밀집지역과 비교지역 물리적 환경 비교 분석 ····················632
1. 가로의 물리적 환경 비교 ·················································632
2. 개별형 건물의 물리적 환경 현황 ·····································640
제4절 도시별 대상지역의 물리적 환경특성 비교 분석 ·····························646
1. 가로의 물리적 환경 현황 ················································646
2. 개별형 건물의 방범시설 현황 ······································652
제5절 소결 ·······················································656
1. 빈곤층 밀집지역(대상지역)과 비교지역의 특성 비교 ······························656
2. 대상지역별 특성 비교 ···············································659
❘제13장❘ 국내외 복지･안전정책 실태 분석
∙ 임완섭･정은희･박형존 ········································665
제1절 서론 ·························································667
1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 ··············································667
2. 연구 내용 및 방법 ·············································669
제2절 개념적 접근과 현황: 빈곤지역, 사회안전망과 복지･안전지원
제도 ·····························································672
1. 빈곤지역 ·······················································672
2. 한국의 사회안전망 ···········································674
3. 사회안전망으로서 복지･안전지원 ································677
제3절 범죄예방 관련 복지･안전 정책 현황과 의의 ··························680
1. 중앙부처 차원의 복지･안전지원 프로그램 ·························680
2. 지방자치단체 또는 지역사회 중심의 복지･안전지원 프로그램 ··············688
제4절 국내 빈곤층 및 빈곤지역 복지･안전지원 사례 연구 ·····················691
1. 분석 대상 시군구의 선정 기준 ·····································691
2. 사례 분석 대상 시군구의 일반 현황 및 특성 ·························694
3. 빈곤층의 복지･안전과 복지사각지대 발굴 ···································697
4. 시군구의 복지･안전 지원 사업 ·············································702
제5절 해외 빈곤층 및 빈곤지역 복지･안전지원 사례 연구 ·····················721
1. 스웨덴 지역사회 안전과 복지에 대한 접근 및 주요 현안 ·····················722
2. 네덜란드의 지역사회 안전과 관련한 접근방법과 성과 ···························727
3. 미국 시애틀 지역매칭펀드(Neighborhood Matching Fund: NMF)의
범죄감소효과 ·······················································736
4. 영국의 지역사회 안전과 복지에 대한 접근 및 주요 현안 ·····················739
제6절 소결: 주요 결과 및 정책적 함의 ·····································745
❘제4부❘ 연구의 정리 ····················································751
❘제14장❘ 결 론 ∙ 박준휘 및 연구진 전체 ·····························753
제1절 연구의 요약 ························································755
제2절 정책대안의 종합과 연구의 함의 ··········································775
1. 중밀도 빈곤층 밀집지역에 대한 우선적 환경개선 ··································775
2. 서울시 셉테드 사업의 교훈: 스토리, 구체적 해결책, 아래로부터의
접근, 전문화 ·································································776
3. 정책대상집단별 수요맞춤형 전략 ······························778
4. 거주지 이동정책의 가능성 ···········································780
5. 복지･안전정책의 강화 ·················································780
6. 제도적 개선책 ······························································786
7. 빈곤층 밀집지역 내 잠재적 가해자 관리방안의 다양화 ·························800
참고문헌 ··························································805
Abstract ······················································845
부록 ··························································875
[부록 1] 서울지역 설문조사지 ··········································875
[부록 2] 부산지역 설문조사지 ·······································890
[부록 3] 현장조사 체크리스트 ·······································896

기존 국내연구에 따르면 빈곤층 밀집지역에서는 다양한 문제가 발생하고 있습니다. 거주지 분리 문제를 발생시켜 해당 주민들에 대한 사회적 배제 문제가 발생하거나, 교육여건, 사회관계망 형성 등에서 상대적으로 더 불리한 조건에 놓여 있다고 평가되기도 합니다. 심지어 숙명론, 절망, 무기력, 포기, 나태 등과 같은 고유한 빈곤문화가 존재한다는 주장도 있습니다. 그런데 빈곤층 밀집지역의 안전(특히 범죄문제)에 대해 본격적인 연구를 진행한 국내 연구는 거의 없는 것으로 파악됩니다. 외국의 경우 비교적 오래된 연구에서는 빈곤이 범죄에미치는 영향이 뚜렷하지 않아 미미하다고 보고하고 있는데 비해, 최근에 이를수록 점점 더 빈곤은 범죄에 영향을 미치는 주요 변인일 뿐 아니라 범죄 피해에도 큰 영향을 미친다고 밝힌 연구가 증가하고 있습니다. 빈곤지역에서 살인율이 높다는 연구가 있으며, 특히 빈곤의 공간적 밀집이 범죄 및 피해 발생에 미치는 유의한 영향은 미국과 영국의 연구에서 일관되게 보고되고 있습니다. 그런데 이러한 외국의 연구결과가 국내에도 그대로 적용될 수 있을까요? 아쉽게도 국내 연구 중 빈곤층 밀집지역과 범죄문제를 본격적으로 다룬 연구는 찾아보기 힘듭니다. 다만 계량분석 등에 있어 소득 등의 변수(절대적 소득 외 상대적 소득인 불평등도를 사용)를 독립변수로 하고 여러 범죄유형을 종속변수로 활용한 연구가 있으며, 셉테드 사업 효과성을 측정한 간접적인 연구를 찾아볼 수 있습니다. 본 연구는 기본적으로 이러한 학문적 미싱 링크를 제거하기 위해 기획되었습니다.한편, 현 정부는 문재인 대통령이 후보였던 시절 제시한 도시재생 뉴딜사업을 추진 중입니다. 기본적으로 매년 약 10조원의 공적재원을 투입하여, 매년 100개 동네씩 임기 내 500개의 구도심과 노후주거지를 살려내겠다고 공약했습니다. 이는 개발시대의 전면 철거 방식이 아니라 동네마다 아파트단지 수준의 마을주차장, 어린이집, 무인 택배센터 등을 지원하고 소규모 정비사업 모델을 개발하며 낡은 주택은 공공임대주택으로 활용하겠다는 구상입니다. 기본적으로 이 사업은 본 연구가 관심을 갖고 있는 빈곤층 밀집지역과 관련성이 높으며, 본 연구를 통해 이러한 사업을 지원할 필요가 빈곤층 밀집지역과 관련성이 높으며, 본 연구를 통해 이러한 사업을 지원할 필요가 있다고 판단했습니다. 요컨대 본 연구는 정부의 도시재생 사업을 범죄예방의 관점에서 지원하는 것입니다. 본 연구는 총 4부 14장으로 구성되어 있습니다. 제1부는 연구의 기초로서 제1장 서론 함께 제2장에서 빈곤층 밀집지역에 대한 실태와 관련 연구동향을 살펴봅니다. 제2부는 6개의 장으로 이루어져 있는데, 범죄학적 관점에서 공식통계와 설문조사 등을 기초로 빈곤층 밀집지역의 실태를 확인하고 있습니다. 제3부는 5개의 장으로 이루어지며, 범죄학은 물론 건축학, 경찰학, 사회복지학, 법학 등의 관점에서 국내외 빈곤층 밀집지역에 대한 사례연구를 통해 그 실태 파악과 함께 관련 정책대안을 모색하며, 제4부는 결론으로서 이상의 논의를 요약하고 연구의 함의를 밝히고 있습니다.본 연구를 수행하면서, 가장 첫 번째 난관은 ‘빈곤층 밀집지역’을 어떻게 정의하느냐의 문제였습니다. 미국과 캐나다에서 가장 일반적으로 사용되고 있는 빈곤층 밀집 지역(high-poverty 또는 concentrated poverty neighborhood) 정의는 ‘지역 내에 40% 이상의 주민들이 정부가 지정한 빈곤선(poor threshold) 이하의 수입을 가지는 경우’를 지칭합니다. 그러나 우리는 미국 등과 달리 공식통계의 불비로 대리변수(proxy)를 사용할 수 밖에 없었으며, 그 대리 변수로서 ‘읍면동 기준 기초수급가구비율’을 사용하였습니다. 그마저도 각 장별 연구목적에 따라 그 비율에 변동이 있으며, 연구목적과 대상 혹은 자료에 따라 또 다른 정의를 사용하였습니다. 아마도 이러한 하나의 명확한 기준이 없는 것이 본 연구의 가장 큰 한계가 될 수 있을 것입니다. 그러나 처음 진행하는 연구에서 하나의 유일한 기준을 제시하는 것도 연구의 확장성이라는 측면에서 문제가 있을 수 있다고 연구진은 판단하였습니다. 이 문제는 후속 연구가 진행되면서 일정 수준 의견수렴이 되지 않을까 생각됩니다.